Sequence data from the study have been stored in the Genome Sequence Archive, accessible via accession numbers HRA004281 and HRA004275. Additional details for data reanalysis can be obtained from the lead contact upon request.

Human embryonic stem cells were cultured and differentiated into organoids through a defined medium and growth conditions, with varying supplements at different stages. Specific growth media recipes and supplements are detailed for culturing different types of brain and spinal cord organoids over several weeks.

Detailed procedures for the induction of optic vesicle brain organoids are provided, including changes in medium composition over the culture period.